
Types of Kidney Diseases and Causes
By Dr. Jatin Kothari in Nanavati Max Institute of Renal Sciences & Transplant , Kidney Transplant Unit
Apr 24 , 2023 | 3 min read
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Introduction
Every organ has its own importance, and its proper functioning is crucial for your well-being. The same goes with kidneys; a pair of two plays an important role in the human body and at the same time performs various multiple and complex functions.
Functions of the Kidneys
Some of the kidney functions are listed below:
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Keeps a balance of water and minerals in your blood
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Removes waste from your blood after digestion, muscle activity, and exposure to chemicals or medications
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Makes renin, which your body uses to help manage your blood pressure
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Produces a chemical called erythropoietin, which prompts your body to make red blood cells
When your kidneys are damaged, these functions are impaired, resulting in health issues such as swelling in the ankles, nausea, weakness, poor sleep, and shortness of breath. If not treated at the right time, the situation may worsen. Best nephrologists in Mumbai, India often recommend immediate treatment to prevent further complications.
Also Read: Kidney Pain Vs Back Pain
What is Kidney Disease?
Kidneys are small organs responsible for filtering blood, removing toxins, and maintaining overall health. If you have kidney disease, it can impact other parts of the body as well.
Kidney diseases can be caused by:
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Diabetes
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High cholesterol levels
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Certain injuries or illnesses
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Genetic factors
Each type of kidney disease causes varying symptoms, from pain to issues with urination.
What Are the 5 Types of Kidney Disease?
(Target keyword focus: what are the 5 types of kidney disease, list of kidney diseases)
There are the following different types of kidney diseases and their causes:
1. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
CKD is a long-term condition that worsens over time and often requires treatment at specialized centers such as the best kidney transplant hospitals in Mumbai.
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Main Causes:
➔ High blood pressure (damages the glomeruli in kidneys)
➔ Diabetes (damages blood vessels due to high blood sugar)
Over time, kidney function declines, potentially requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.
2. Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are formed when minerals and other substances in the blood crystallize into solid masses.
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Main Causes:
➔ Dehydration
➔ Certain diets high in salt or protein
Passing stones during urination can be extremely painful, but they rarely cause permanent damage.
Also read about - Kidney Stone Diet
3. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Bacterial infections affecting any part of the urinary system, most commonly the bladder and urethra.
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Main Causes:
➔ Poor hygiene
➔ Blockages in the urinary tract
If untreated, UTIs can spread to the kidneys and cause kidney failure.
4. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder causing the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys.
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Main Causes:
➔ Inherited genetic mutations
These cysts hinder kidney functions and can ultimately cause kidney failure.
5. Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli, the small structures inside the kidneys that filter blood.
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Main Causes:
➔ Infections
➔ Certain drugs
➔ Congenital abnormalities
Symptoms of Kidney Diseases
Recognizing early signs can help with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Early symptoms include:
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Fatigue
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Poor appetite
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Muscle cramping
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Puffiness around the eyes
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Swollen feet and ankles
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Trouble sleeping
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Dry, scaly skin
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Frequent nighttime urination
Progressive symptoms include:
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Vomiting
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Anemia
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Fluid retention
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Hyperkalemia
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Changes in urine output
Risk Factors for Developing Kidney Disease
Several conditions can raise the risk of developing kidney disease:
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Obesity
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Family history
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Older age
Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases
Doctors use various tests to diagnose kidney diseases:
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Measures how well kidneys are filtering.
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Ultrasound or CT Scan: Detects tumors and structural issues.
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Kidney Biopsy: Examines kidney tissue for abnormalities.
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Urine Test: Checks for protein (albumin) or blood loss.
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Blood Creatinine Test: Measures waste chemical levels to assess kidney function.
Treatment for Kidney Disease
Treatment varies based on the cause but may include:
Medications
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ACE inhibitors (e.g., Ramipril)
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ARBs (e.g., Irbesartan)
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Cholesterol drugs (e.g., Simvastatin)
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Medications for anemia, swelling, and electrolyte balance
Lifestyle and Diet Changes
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Regular physical activity
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Reduced salt intake
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Blood sugar management for diabetics
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Healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains
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Weight management
Dialysis
For severe cases:
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Hemodialysis: Blood is filtered via a machine.
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Peritoneal Dialysis: Blood is filtered using the lining of the abdomen.
Long-Term Outlook for Kidney Disease Patients
With early diagnosis, proper medication, and lifestyle adjustments, kidney disease can be managed effectively.
Options include:
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Dialysis
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Symptom management depending on disease severity
Ways to Prevent Kidney Disease
Here are steps to help prevent kidney disease:
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Maintain a healthy weight
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Exercise regularly
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Eat a balanced diet
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Control sodium intake
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Avoid saturated and trans fats
Also Read about Acute Kidney Failure
Conclusion
Kidney diseases are common, and early intervention is key. Knowing the different types, recognizing symptoms, and seeking timely treatment improves outcomes. If you notice any symptoms, consult your doctor immediately for early diagnosis and effective management.

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