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Monkeypox (mpox) Causes, Symptoms, Reasons, Treatment and Prevention

By Dr. Rahul Tambe in Internal Medicine

Apr 24 , 2023 | 2 min read

Introduction

Monkeypox, also known as Mpox, is a viral disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus monkeypox. It shares similarities with smallpox but is generally less severe. The virus has recently spread to multiple non-endemic countries, raising global health concerns. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is essential for public awareness and safety.


What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection transmitted from animals to humans. It was first identified in 1958 in laboratory monkeys, and the first human case was recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 1970.


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Monkeypox Causes: How Does It Spread?

The Monkeypox virus spreads through various modes, including:

Animal-to-Human Transmission

  • Direct contact with infected animals (squirrels, rats, and monkeys).
  • Bites or scratches from infected animals.
  • Consumption of undercooked meat from infected animals.

Human-to-Human Transmission

  • Close contact with an infected person's skin lesions, body fluids, or respiratory droplets.
  • Touching contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing.
  • Sexual contact, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM).
  • In rare cases, transmission from mother to fetus via the placenta.


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Symptoms of Monkeypox (Mpox)

Monkeypox symptoms typically appear within 5-21 days after exposure and last 14-30 days. Symptoms include:

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Chills
  • Swollen lymph nodes (a key differentiator from smallpox)
  • Rash that begins on the face and spreads to other parts of the body
  • Painful genital and peri-anal lesions in recent outbreaks
  • Fatigue and difficulty swallowing (in some cases)


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Monkeypox Diagnosis

Diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory testing, including:

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests.
  • Blood tests to detect antibodies.
  • Skin lesion sampling for viral identification.


Monkeypox Treatment: How to Manage the Infection?

Currently, there is no specific treatment for monkeypox, but symptoms can be managed effectively:

  • Antiviral medications like Tecovirimat (TPOXX) for severe cases.
  • Supportive care such as hydration, pain relief management.
  • Isolation to prevent the spread of the virus.
  • Smallpox vaccines (JYNNEOS & ACAM2000) can provide some protection.


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Prevention: How to Protect Yourself from Monkeypox?

  • Avoid close contact with infected individuals.
  • Practice good hand hygiene with soap and water.
  • Use protective gear if caring for an infected person.
  • Avoid handling or consuming wild animals.
  • Get vaccinated if at high risk.


Read more about  - Vertical Transmission


Conclusion

Monkeypox is a growing health concern, but early detection, vaccination, and preventive measures can help contain its spread. Stay informed and practice good hygiene to protect yourself and others.


Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is Monkeypox Deadly?

While monkeypox is rarely fatal, severe cases can occur, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The fatality rate in Africa is around 10%, but no deaths have been reported in recent non-endemic outbreaks.

2. Can Monkeypox Be Spread Through The Air?

Monkeypox primarily spreads through direct contact but can also be transmitted via respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face exposure.

3. How Long Does Monkeypox Last?

Monkeypox symptoms typically last 2-4 weeks before resolving.

4. Who Treats Monkeypox?

Infectious disease specialists, dermatologists, and general practitioners treat monkeypox. Public health officials help manage outbreaks and prevent spread.

5. How Does The Internal Medicine Team Help in Treating Monkeypox?

The internal medicine team manages symptoms, controls complications, and prescribes antiviral medications and supportive care.