Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection: Understanding and Managing Complex Cardiovascular Conditions

By Dr. Vishal Khullar in Heart Institute , Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Unit

Jul 01 , 2023 | 2 min read

The aorta, the largest artery in our body, plays a pivotal role in supplying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. However, it can be affected by life-threatening conditions like aortic aneurysm and dissection. This article aims to shed light on these complex cardiovascular conditions, highlighting their causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment options.

Understanding Aortic Aneurysm:

An aortic aneurysm is a bulge or dilation in a portion of the aorta. Over time, the force of the blood pumping can cause the weak area to bulge like a balloon. Aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere along the aorta but are most common in the abdomen (abdominal aortic aneurysms) and the chest (thoracic aortic aneurysms).

Causes and Risk Factors of Aortic Aneurysm

Aortic aneurysms can be caused by various factors, including high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), genetic conditions like Marfan syndrome, and damage from smoking. Aging, being male, and having a family history of aortic aneurysms also increase the risk.

Recognizing Symptoms of Aortic Aneurysm

Often, aortic aneurysms don't cause symptoms unless they rupture or dissect. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include a deep, steady pain in the abdomen or chest, back pain, or a pulse near the navel.

Unravelling Aortic Dissection:

Aortic dissection is a serious condition where the inner layer of the aorta tears. Blood surges through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers to separate (dissect). Aortic dissections are classified as type A, if they occur in the ascending aorta, or type B, if they occur in the descending aorta.

Causes and Risk Factors of Aortic Dissection

High blood pressure is the most common cause of aortic dissection. Other risk factors include atherosclerosis, pre-existing aortic aneurysm, connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, and certain heart conditions.

Identifying Symptoms of Aortic Dissection

Symptoms of aortic dissection can be similar to those of other heart conditions and may include sudden severe chest or upper back pain, loss of consciousness, shortness of breath, and weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.

The Crucial Role of Diagnosis

Detecting aortic aneurysms and dissections early can save lives. Diagnostic methods include physical examinations, imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and angiography, and genetic testing for conditions like Marfan syndrome.

Treatment Options: From Lifestyle Changes to Surgery

Treatment for aortic aneurysm and dissection depends on the size, location, and rate of growth.

Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm

Small, slow-growing aortic aneurysms may require regular monitoring and lifestyle changes such as controlling blood pressure, quitting smoking, and eating a healthy diet. Larger, fast-growing, or leaking aneurysms may require surgery, either open abdominal or chest surgery or a less invasive procedure called endovascular repair.

Treatment of Aortic Dissection

Treatment for aortic dissection also depends on its location. Type A dissections usually require immediate surgery. Type B dissections can often be managed with medications to lower blood pressure and relieve pain. In some cases, endovascular repair or open surgery may be necessary.

Conclusion: A Proactive Approach to Aortic Health

Aortic aneurysm and dissection are serious, life-threatening conditions that require immediate medical attention. Awareness and early diagnosis can significantly improve the prognosis and allow for timely and effective treatment. It's essential to regularly consult your healthcare provider, especially if you have risk factors, to ensure optimal aortic health.